【A3】
A.CALLING FOR AN OPEN-MINDED CONSIDERATION OF THE ISSUE
B.LESSONS FROM THE PAST
C.VARIOUS IMPLICATIONS IMAGINED
D.AN EXPECTED ATTACK FROM THOSE STANDING ON THE NATURAL AND RELIGIOUS GROUND
E.A NO-NO TO HUMANS IN FEBRUARY 1997, MY COLLEAGUES AND I ANNOUNCED THE ARRIVAL OF DOLLY THE SHEEP, THE FIRST MAMMAL CLONED FROM AN ADULT CELL.THE REACTION OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY WAS, ON THE WHOLE, FRIENDLY, IF SOMEWHAT INCREDULOUS.IN CONTRAST, THE PUBLIC'S REACTION WAS EXTREMELY NEGATIVE, PRIMED PARTLY BY A MEDIA WEANED ON A DIET OF CLONING SCARE STORIES AND PULP FICTIO
N. 【A1】______ THE ISSUE WAS NOT THAT THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY CREATED AN ABOMINATION, A FREAK ANIMAL; AFTER ALL, DOLLY WAS, AND REMAINS, A RATHER HANDSOME SHEEP.IT WAS THE FEAR THAT THE TECHNIQUES COULD, AND SOME SAID WOULD, BE APPLIED TO HUMANS THAT PROVOKED THE FRENZIED DEBAT
E. 【A2】______ THE FIRST OLD CHESTNUT RAISED WAS THAT THERE WOULD BE THE CLONING OF DICTATORS, FOLLOWED BY THESE POSSIBILITIES, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE:CELEBRITY CLONING, SELF- CLONING, THE PRE-SELECTION OF CITIZENS BY THE STATE WITH ITS ECHOES OF ALDOUS HUXLEY'S FUTURISTIC NOVEL BRAVE NEW WORLD, THE REINCARNATION OF DEAD LOVED ONES, TREATMENT FOR INFERTILE COUPLES, A ROUTE TO AVOID PARENTAL GENETIC DISEASE BEING PASSED ON TO CHILDREN AND A WAY TO CURE TERMINAL ILLNESS. 【A3】______ ENOUGH TIME HAS PASSED SINCE DOLLY'S ARRIVAL FOR A SOBER, THOROUGH REASSESSMENT OF THE PROSPECTS FOR HUMAN CLONING AND WHAT IT IS ABOUT SUCH CLONING THAT CAUSES PEOPLE FEAR AND CONCER
N. 【A4】______ MANY PEOPLE HAD A GENUINE GUT REACTION TO NEWS OF DOLLY, AND THAT APPARENTLY REMAINS UNDIMINISHED IN ITS INTENSITY.AN AFFRONT TO NATURE, A BLASPHEMY, MAN PLAYING GOD —SUCH COMMENTS WERE OFTEN MAD
E.BUT WE SHOULD RECOGNIZE THAT HUMAN REPRODUCTION IS A SENSITIVE TOPIC AND A NEW METHOD THAT HAS AN IMPACT ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION WILL ALWAYS BE GREETED WITH FEAR AND REVULSION BY THE MAJORITY WHO HAVE NO PROBLEMS PROCREATIN
G. 【A5】______ THE TECHNIQUES OF DONOR SPERM INSEMINATION AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION, INTRODUCED IN THE 1950S AND 1970S RESPECTIVELY, WERE MET WITH GREAT HOSTILITY AND THREATS OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION IN SOME COUNTRIES.THAT HOSTILITY MODERATED OVER THE YEARS AS SOME EARLY FEARS EVAPORATED, AND GREAT JOY WAS BROUGHT TO SOME COUPLES.BUT CONTROVERSY REMAINS IN THE VERY LOW SUCCESS RATES IN IVF, AND IN THE DISPUTES THAT CAN ARISE OVER LEGAL PATERNITY BETWEEN A CHILD'S BIOLOGICAL AND NON-BIOLOGICAL PARENTS.ALTHOUGH HUMAN CLONING WOULD FURTHER COMPLICATE THE LEGAL ISSUES,THIS IS NOT GROUND FOR BANNING IT. CHARGES THAT MAN IS 'PLAYING GOD' BY CONTROLLING NATURE ARE EASILY DISMISSED BECAUSE, FOR AS LONG AS HE HAS BEEN ABLE TO INTERVENE IN NATURE, MAN HAS BEEN 'PLAYING GOD'.MEDICAL PRACTICE IS JUST ONE EXAMPL
E.AS TO THE CLONING OF DICTATORS AND CELEBRITIES, OR THE MANUFACTURE OF A 'SUPER RACE', WE ALL UNDERSTAND THAT GENETIC IDENTITY DOES NOT GUARANTEE IDENTICAL PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOR.THESE USES, ALONG WITH THE CLONING OF DEAD LOVED ONES, ARE UNETHICAL:THEY INEVITABLY DIMINISH THE NEW INDIVIDUAL'S SENSE OF ESTEEM AND IDENTITY BECAUSE THEY MAY CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE THE PRODUCT OF AN ASSEMBLY LIN
E.

未分类题【T7】A.THREATENS B.FOR C.HEALTHIER A.A GOVERNMENT WITH FINITE RESOURCES SHOULD SIMPLY STOP PAYING【T7】_______MEDICAL CARE B.OUR FAILURE TO CONFRONT THAT REALITY NOW【T8】_______THIS GREATNESS OF OURS C.SO THAT YOUNGER,【T9】_______ PEOPLE CAN REALIZE THEIR POTENTIAL IT IS SAID THAT IN ENGLAND DEATH IS PRESSING, IN CANADA INEVITABLE AND IN CALIFORNIA OPTIONAL.SMALL WONDER.AMERICANS' LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS NEARLY DOUBLED OVER THE PAST CENTURY.FAILING HIPS CAN BE REPLACED, CATARACTS REMOVED IN A 30-MINUTES SURGICAL PROCEDURE.SUCH ADVANCES OFFER THE AGING POPULATION A QUALITY OF LIFE THAT WAS UNIMAGINABLE WHEN I ENTERED MEDICINE 50 YEARS AGO.BUT NOT EVEN A GREAT HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM CAN CURE DEATH, AND【T10】______ DEATH IS NORMAL; WE ARE GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED TO DISINTEGRATE AND PERISH, EVEN UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS.WE ALL UNDERSTAND THAT AT SOME LEVEL, YET AS MEDICAL CONSUMERS WE TREAT DEATH AS A PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED.SHIELDED BY THIRD-PARTY PAYERS FROM THE COST OF OUR CARE, WE DEMAND EVERYTHING THAT CAN POSSIBLY BE DONE FOR US, EVEN IF IT'S USELESS.THE MOST OBVIOUS EXAMPLE IS LATE-STAGE CANCER CARE.PHYSICIANS—FRUSTRATED BY THEIR INABILITY TO CURE THE DISEASE AND FEARING LOSS OF HOPE IN THE PATIENT—TOO OFTEN OFFER AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT FAR BEYOND WHAT IS SCIENTIFICALLY JUSTIFIED. IN 1950, THE U.S.SPENT $12.7 BILLION ON HEALTH CARE.IN 2002, THE COST WILL BE $1,540 BILLION.ANYONE CAN SEE THIS TREND IS UNSUSTAINABLE.YET FEW SEEM WILLING TO TRY TOREVERSE IT.SOME SCHOLARS CONCLUDE THAT【T11】______THAT SUSTAINS LIFE BEYOND A CERTAINAGE—SAY 83 OR SO.FORMER COLORADO GOVERNOR RICHARD LAMM HAS BEEN QUOTED AS SAYING THAT THE OLD AND INFIRM 'HAVE A DUTY TO DIE AND GET OUT OF THE WAY',【T12】______.此题为多项选择题。

未分类题【T1】A.ACCOUNTED FOR B.FOR C.GROUNDS A.RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ON THE 【T1】______THAT B.ANOTHER RAILROAD IS COMPETING【T2】______THE BUSINESS C.THE TOP FOUR RAILROADS【T3】_______UNDER 70 PERCENT IN RECENT YEARS, RAILROADS HAVE BEEN COMBINING WITH EACH OTHER, MERGING INTO SUPER SYSTEMS, CAUSING HEIGHTENED CONCERNS ABOUT MONOPOLY.AS RECENTLY AS 1995,【T4】______OF THE TOTAL TON-MILES MOVED BY RAILS.NEXT YEAR, AFTER A SERIES OF MERGERS IS COMPLETED, JUST FOUR RAILROADS WILL CONTROL WELL OVER 90 PERCENT OF ALL THE FREIGHT MOVED BY MAJOR RAIL CARRIERS. SUPPORTERS OF THE NEW SUPER SYSTEMS ARGUE THAT THESE MERGERS WILL ALLOW FOR SUBSTANTIAL COST REDUCTIONS AND BETTER COORDINATED SERVICE.ANY THREAT OF MONOPOLY, THEY ARGUE, IS REMOVED BY FIERCE COMPETITION FROM TRUCKS.BUT MANY SHIPPERS COMPLAIN THAT FOR HEAVY BULK COMMODITIES TRAVELING LONG DISTANCES, SUCH AS COAL, CHEMICALS, AND GRAIN, TRUCKING IS TOO COSTLY AND THE RAILROADS THEREFORE HAVE THEM BY THE THROAT. THE VAST CONSOLIDATION WITHIN THE RAIL INDUSTRY MEANS THAT MOST SHIPPERS ARE SERVED BY ONLY ONE RAIL COMPANY.RAILROADS TYPICALLY CHARGE SUCH 'CAPTIVE' SHIPPERS 20 TO 30 PERCENTMORE THAN THEY DO WHEN【T5】______.SHIPPERS WHO FEEL THEY ARE BEING OVERCHARGED HAVETHE RIGHT TO APPEAL TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S SURFACE TRANSPORTATION BOARD FOR RATE RELIEF, BUT THE PROCESS IS EXPENSIVE, TIME CONSUMING, AND WILL WORK ONLY IN TRULY EXTREME CASES. 【T6】______IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES EVERYONE'S COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME AVERAGE RATE, THEY ARGUE, SHIPPERS WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF SWITCHING TO TRUCKS OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD DO SO, LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF KEEPING UP THE LINE.IT'S THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS SUBSCRIBE, BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE POSITION OF DETERMINING WHICH COMPANIES WILL FLOURISH AND WHICH WILL FAIL.'DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND WHO LOSES IN THE MARKETPLACE?' ASKS MARTIN BERCOVICI, A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS SHIPPER.此题为多项选择题。

未分类题【T10】A.THREATENS B.FOR C.HEALTHIER A.A GOVERNMENT WITH FINITE RESOURCES SHOULD SIMPLY STOP PAYING【T7】_______MEDICAL CARE B.OUR FAILURE TO CONFRONT THAT REALITY NOW【T8】_______THIS GREATNESS OF OURS C.SO THAT YOUNGER,【T9】_______ PEOPLE CAN REALIZE THEIR POTENTIAL IT IS SAID THAT IN ENGLAND DEATH IS PRESSING, IN CANADA INEVITABLE AND IN CALIFORNIA OPTIONAL.SMALL WONDER.AMERICANS' LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS NEARLY DOUBLED OVER THE PAST CENTURY.FAILING HIPS CAN BE REPLACED, CATARACTS REMOVED IN A 30-MINUTES SURGICAL PROCEDURE.SUCH ADVANCES OFFER THE AGING POPULATION A QUALITY OF LIFE THAT WAS UNIMAGINABLE WHEN I ENTERED MEDICINE 50 YEARS AGO.BUT NOT EVEN A GREAT HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM CAN CURE DEATH, AND【T10】______ DEATH IS NORMAL; WE ARE GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED TO DISINTEGRATE AND PERISH, EVEN UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS.WE ALL UNDERSTAND THAT AT SOME LEVEL, YET AS MEDICAL CONSUMERS WE TREAT DEATH AS A PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED.SHIELDED BY THIRD-PARTY PAYERS FROM THE COST OF OUR CARE, WE DEMAND EVERYTHING THAT CAN POSSIBLY BE DONE FOR US, EVEN IF IT'S USELESS.THE MOST OBVIOUS EXAMPLE IS LATE-STAGE CANCER CARE.PHYSICIANS—FRUSTRATED BY THEIR INABILITY TO CURE THE DISEASE AND FEARING LOSS OF HOPE IN THE PATIENT—TOO OFTEN OFFER AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT FAR BEYOND WHAT IS SCIENTIFICALLY JUSTIFIED. IN 1950, THE U.S.SPENT $12.7 BILLION ON HEALTH CARE.IN 2002, THE COST WILL BE $1,540 BILLION.ANYONE CAN SEE THIS TREND IS UNSUSTAINABLE.YET FEW SEEM WILLING TO TRY TOREVERSE IT.SOME SCHOLARS CONCLUDE THAT【T11】______THAT SUSTAINS LIFE BEYOND A CERTAINAGE—SAY 83 OR SO.FORMER COLORADO GOVERNOR RICHARD LAMM HAS BEEN QUOTED AS SAYING THAT THE OLD AND INFIRM 'HAVE A DUTY TO DIE AND GET OUT OF THE WAY',【T12】______.

未分类题【T19】A.TO THE AUDIENCE B.COMMENT ON C.SUNNY WEATHER D.BE APPROPRIATE A.YOU MAY WANT TO【T13】_______THEIR DISORGANIZED BOSSES B.HE SEES WONDERFUL ACCOMMODATIONS, BEAUTIFUL GARDENS,【T14】_______ , AND SO ON C.YOUR HUMOR MUST BE RELEVANT【T15】_______ D.IT'LL【T16】_______FOR YOU TO MAKE A PASSING REMARK IF YOU INTEND USING HUMOR IN YOUR TALK TO MAKE PEOPLE SMILE, YOU MUST KNOW HOW TOIDENTIFY SHARED EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS.【T17】_______AND SHOULD HELP TO SHOW THEMTHAT YOU ARE ONE OF THEM OR THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THEIR SITUATION AND ARE IN SYMPATHY WITH THEIR POINT OF VIEW.DEPENDING ON WHOM YOU ARE ADDRESSING, THE PROBLEMS WILL BE DIFFERENT.IF YOU ARE TALKING TO A GROUP OF MANAGERS, YOU MAY REFER TO THE DISORGANIZED METHODS OF THEIR SECRETARIES; ALTERNATIVELY IF YOU ARE ADDRESSING SECRETARIES,【T18】______. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE, WHICH I HEARD AT A NURSES' CONVENTION, OF A STORY WHICH WORKS WELL BECAUSE THE AUDIENCE ALL SHARED THE SAME VIEW OF DOCTORS.A MAN ARRIVES IN HEAVEN ANDIS BEING SHOWN AROUND BY ST.PETER.【T19】______.EVERYONE IS VERY PEACEFUL, POLITEAND FRIENDLY UNTIL, WAITING IN A LINE FOR LUNCH, THE NEW ARRIVAL IS SUDDENLY PUSHED ASIDE BY A MAN IN A WHITE COAT, WHO RUSHES TO THE HEAD OF THE LINE, GRABS HIS FOOD AND STAMPS OVER TO A TABLE BY HIMSELF.'WHO IS THAT?' THE NEW ARRIVAL ASKED ST.PETER.'OH, THAT'S GOD,'CAME THE REPLY, 'BUT SOMETIMES HE THINKS HE'S A DOCTOR.' IF YOU ARE PART OF THE GROUP WHICH YOU ARE ADDRESSING, YOU WILL BE IN A POSITION TOKNOW THE EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS WHICH ARE COMMON TO ALL OF YOU AND【T20】______ABOUT THE INEDIBLE CANTEEN FOOD OR THE CHAIRMAN'S NOTORIOUS BAD TASTE IN TIES.WITH OTHER AUDIENCES YOU MUSTN'T ATTEMPT TO CUT IN WITH HUMOR AS THEY WILL RESENT AN OUTSIDER MAKING DISPARAGING REMARKS ABOUT THEIR CANTEEN OR THEIR CHAIRMAN.YOU WILL BE ON SAFER GROUND IF YOU STICK TO SCAPEGOATS LIKE THE POST OFFICE OR THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM.

未分类题【T12】A.THREATENS B.FOR C.HEALTHIER A.A GOVERNMENT WITH FINITE RESOURCES SHOULD SIMPLY STOP PAYING【T7】_______MEDICAL CARE B.OUR FAILURE TO CONFRONT THAT REALITY NOW【T8】_______THIS GREATNESS OF OURS C.SO THAT YOUNGER,【T9】_______ PEOPLE CAN REALIZE THEIR POTENTIAL IT IS SAID THAT IN ENGLAND DEATH IS PRESSING, IN CANADA INEVITABLE AND IN CALIFORNIA OPTIONAL.SMALL WONDER.AMERICANS' LIFE EXPECTANCY HAS NEARLY DOUBLED OVER THE PAST CENTURY.FAILING HIPS CAN BE REPLACED, CATARACTS REMOVED IN A 30-MINUTES SURGICAL PROCEDURE.SUCH ADVANCES OFFER THE AGING POPULATION A QUALITY OF LIFE THAT WAS UNIMAGINABLE WHEN I ENTERED MEDICINE 50 YEARS AGO.BUT NOT EVEN A GREAT HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM CAN CURE DEATH, AND【T10】______ DEATH IS NORMAL; WE ARE GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED TO DISINTEGRATE AND PERISH, EVEN UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS.WE ALL UNDERSTAND THAT AT SOME LEVEL, YET AS MEDICAL CONSUMERS WE TREAT DEATH AS A PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED.SHIELDED BY THIRD-PARTY PAYERS FROM THE COST OF OUR CARE, WE DEMAND EVERYTHING THAT CAN POSSIBLY BE DONE FOR US, EVEN IF IT'S USELESS.THE MOST OBVIOUS EXAMPLE IS LATE-STAGE CANCER CARE.PHYSICIANS—FRUSTRATED BY THEIR INABILITY TO CURE THE DISEASE AND FEARING LOSS OF HOPE IN THE PATIENT—TOO OFTEN OFFER AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT FAR BEYOND WHAT IS SCIENTIFICALLY JUSTIFIED. IN 1950, THE U.S.SPENT $12.7 BILLION ON HEALTH CARE.IN 2002, THE COST WILL BE $1,540 BILLION.ANYONE CAN SEE THIS TREND IS UNSUSTAINABLE.YET FEW SEEM WILLING TO TRY TOREVERSE IT.SOME SCHOLARS CONCLUDE THAT【T11】______THAT SUSTAINS LIFE BEYOND A CERTAINAGE—SAY 83 OR SO.FORMER COLORADO GOVERNOR RICHARD LAMM HAS BEEN QUOTED AS SAYING THAT THE OLD AND INFIRM 'HAVE A DUTY TO DIE AND GET OUT OF THE WAY',【T12】______.