TEXT A A common result of being
frustrated is an act of aggression, sometimes violent. To be alive is to have a
goal and pursue it — anything from cleaning the house, or planning a vacation,
to saving money for retirement. If somebody or something blocks the goal, we
begin to feel pent up and thwarted. Then we get mad. The blocked goal, the sense
of frustration, aggressive action —this is the normal human sequence. If we are
aware of what is going on inside us, however, we can save ourselves a good deal
of needless pain and trouble. Everyone has encountered
frustration on the highways. You are driving along a two-lane road behind a big
trailer-truck. You’re in a hurry, while the truck driver seems to be enjoying
the scenery. After miles of increasing frustration you grow to hate him. Finally
you step on the gas and pass him defiantly, regardless of the chance you may be
taking. This kind of frustration must cause thousands of accidents a year. Yet,
if you realized what was going on in your nervous system, you could curb such
dangerous impulses. The aggressive act that frustration produces
may take a number of forms. It may be turned inward against oneself, with
suicide as the extreme example. It may hit back directly at the person or thing
causing the frustration. Or it may be transferred to another object — what
psychologists call displacement. Displacement can be directed against the dog,
the parlor furniture, the family or even total strangers. A man
rushed out of his front door in Brooklyn one fine spring morning and punched a
passerby on the nose. In court he testified that he had had a quarrel with his
wife. Instead of punching her he had the bad luck to punch a police
detective. Aggression is not always sudden and violent; it may
be devious and calculated. The spreading of rumors, malicious gossip, a
deliberate plot to discredit, are some of the roundabout forms. In some cases,
frustration leads to the opposite of aggression, a complete retreat from
life. The classic pattern of frustration and aggression is
nowhere better demonstrated than in military life. GIs studied by the noted
American sociologist Samuel A. Stouffer in the last war were found to be full of
frustrations due to their sudden loss of civilian liberty. They took it out
verbally on the brass, often most unjustly. But in combat, soldiers felt far
more friendly toward their officers. Why Because they could discharge their
aggression directly against the enemy. Dr. Karl Menninger, of
the famous Menninger Foundation at Topeka, pointed out that children in all
societies are necessarily frustrated, practically from birth, as they are broken
into the customs of the tribe. A baby’s first major decision is "whether to
holler or swaler" —when it discovers that the two acts cannot be done
simultaneously. Children have to be taught habits of cleanliness, toilet
behavior, regular feeding, punctuality; habits that too often are hammered
in. Grownups with low boiling points, said Dr. Menninger,
probably got that way because of excessive frustrations in childhood. We can
make growing up a less difficult period by giving children more love and
understanding. Parents in less civilized societies, Menninger observes,
often do this. He quotes a Mohave Indian, discussing his small son: "Why
should I strike him He is small, I am big. He cannot hurt me."
When we do experience frustration, there are several things We can do to
channel off aggression. First, we can try to remove the cause which is
blocking our goal. An individual may be able to change his foreman, even
his job or his residence, if the frustration is a continuing one.
If this cannot be done, then we can seek harmless displacements. Physical
outlets are the most immediately helpful. Go out in the garden and dig like
fury. Or take a long Walk, punch a bag in the gym, make the pins fly in a
bowling alley, cut down a tree. The late Richard C. Tolman, a great physicist,
once told me that he continued tennis into his 60s because he found it so
helpful in working off aggressions. As a writer I receive pan
letters as well as fan letters, and some of them leave me baffled and furious.
(Some, I must admit, are justified. ) Instead of taking it out on the
family, I write the critic the nastiest reply I can contrive. That makes me feel
a lot better. Next morning I read it over with renewed satisfaction. Then I tear
it up and throw it in the wastebasket. Aggression gone, nobody
hurt. But perhaps the best way of all to displace aggressive
feelings is by hard, useful work. If both body and mind can be engaged, so much
the better. The world is filled today with a great surplus of
anger and conflict. We are far from knowing all about the sources of these
destructive feelings, but scientists have learned enough to clear up quite a
load of misery. Their findings can help us reduce that load and even utilize its
energy, through a better understanding of ourselves and our neighbors. According to Stouffer, why were GIs much more friendly towards their officers in combat
A.Because they were afraid of being assigned dangerous tasks. B.Because they could release their pent-up frustration against the enemy. C.Because they were more like equals and friends in face of enemy. D.All of the above.