(5) analysis emphasizes the drawing of pictorial system models to document and validate both existing and/or proposed systems. Ultimately, the system models become the (6) for designing and constructing an improved system. (7) is such a technique. The emphasis in this technique is process-centered. Systems analysts draw a series of process models called (8) . (9) is another such technique that integrates data and process concerns into constructs called objects.

（6）处填（）。