信息系统的生命周期大致可分成4个阶段，即系统规划阶段、系统开发阶段、系统运行与维护阶段、系统更新阶段。其中以制定出信息系统的长期发展方案、决定信息系统在整个生命周期内的发展方向、规模和发展进程为主要目标的阶段是（1）。系统调查和可行性研究、系统逻辑模型的建立、系统设计、系统实施和系统评价等工作属于（2）。

单项选择题The parties to government procurement refer to the principal entities of all kinds that enjoy rights and undertake obligations in government procurement, including the procuring entities,the () and the procuring agencies.

A、users
B、servers
C、producers
D、suppliers

单项选择题There are strategies typically deal with threats or risk that may have negative impacts on project objectives if they occur,some other strategies are suggested to deal with risks with potentially positive impacts.() is a risk response strategy that may be adopted for either threats or opportunities.

A、share
B、Mitigate
C、Transfer
D、Acceptance

单项选择题In the process of communication requirement analysis, the project manager should consider the number of potential communication channels or paths as an indicator of the complexity of a project’s communication. According to Metcalfe’s Law, a project with 10 stakeholders has () potential communication channels.

A、10
B、45
C、50
D、100

单项选择题A () is a collection of projects and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effect -ive management of thatwork to meet strategic business objectives.

A、program
B、portfolio
C、project of large size
D、PMO

单项选择题Quality planning tools are often used to help plan effective quality management activities.() is one of such tools,which involves company actual or planned project practices to those or other projects to generate ideas for improvementand to provide a basis by which to measure performance.

A、Benchmarking
B、Quality metric
C、Quality checklist
D、Brainstorming