All the following except（）are fittings for securing and lashing containers on board ships.

单项选择题（）means a unit in which goods are totally enclosed by sufficient strong boundaries such as a freight container，a tank or a vehicle unit with fabric sides or tops.

A.UNIT
B.CONTAINER
C.VEHICLE
D.CLOSED TYPE UNIT

单项选择题The certificate of loading required by each vessel carrying grain in bulk is issued by the（）.

A.owner or charterer of the vessel
B.American Bureau of Shipping
C.shipper of the cargo
D.National Cargo Bureau

单项选择题In the case of the leading marks，the master may（）to show these in the bill of lading if the goods or their containers are not clearly marked in such a manner as should ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage.

A.confuse
B.excuse
C.defuse
D.refuse

单项选择题The development of the container system（）.

A.makes a cargo reach the farthest destination
B.makes the ship go as far as she can
C.is the most significant change in shipping industry
D.is the most economical change in shipping industry

单项选择题The use of containers will make the cargo-handling safer if（）that the man-hours of exposure to risk will decrease.

A.for the other reason
B.for the other reason than
C.not for the reason
D.only for the reason