Newcomers When a country is under-populated,
newcomers are not competitors, hut assistants. If more come they may produce not
only new quotas, but a surplus as well. In such a state of things land is
(51) and cheap. The possession of it (52) no
power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages (53)
he can take up new land and be his own master. Hence it will pay no
one to own more land than he can cultivate by his own labor, or with such aid as
his own family (54) . Hence, again, land (55)
little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no
laborers living on (56) , but only a middle class of yeoman
farmers(自耕农). All are (57) on an equality, and democracy
becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which
equality, on which democracy is based, is realized as a fact. The same effects
are powerfully (58) by other facts. In a new and
under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the
extractive industries. The (59) of these, with the
exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call (60)
only a low organization of labor and small amount of cap ital. Hence
they allow the workman to become (61) his own master, and
they educate him to freedom, independence, and self reliance. At the same time,
the social groups being only (62) marked off from each other,
it is easy to (63) from one class of occupations, and
consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same
circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value
compared with what they have in (64) populated countries.
The (65) lie in an under-populated country, with the coarse,
unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science,
literature, and art. |