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Identical twins possess exactly the same set of genes. Yet as they grow older,
they may begin to display subtle differences. They may start to look different,
develop different diseases or slide into different persons. 1. ______
Women who are identical twins may differ with their fertility or 2. ______
the age at which they reach menopause. These discrepancies
usually attributed to ill-defined differences in environment. 3. ______
But a whole new level of explanation has been opened up by a generic survey 4. ______
showing that identical twins, because they grow older, differ increasingly in 5. ______
what is known as their epigenome. The term refers to natural
chemical modifications that occur in a person’s genome shortly before 6. ______
conception and that act on a gcne as a gas pedal or a brake, marking it for higher or lower activity. 7. ______
Identical twins have the same set of epigenetic mark on the genome 8. ______
when they are born. But differences in the epigenome disappear 9. ______
as the twins grow older and become greater the longer they live together, 10. ______
say a team of researchers led by Dr. Manel Esteller of the Spanish National Cancer Center in Madrid.

【参考答案】

persons→personalities/characters
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单项选择题All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ______.A. ancient artwork B. asymmetrical skullsC. studies of tool use D. fossilized hand bones

Archaeological records--paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands--indicate that humans have been predominantly right - handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the fight-hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 per cent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were fight - handed.
Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar out lines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Manganese are displayed on cave walls, indicating thai the paintings were usually done by right-handers.Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness nearly human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right- handed toolmaker) can be distinguished frp, those flakea wan a counter- clockwise rotation (indicating a left -handed toolmaker).
Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present -day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users’ teeth. Scratches made with a left - to - right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers).
Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right - or left – sided dominance is not exclusive to modem Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erects and Ho mo habilis, seem to have been predominantly right -handed, as we are.