阅读下面这篇短文,短文后有2项测试任务;(1)第23~26题要求.从所给的6个选项中为第2~5段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项,分别完成每个句子。 Screen Test 1 Every year millions of women
are screened with X-rays to pick .up signs of breast cancer. If this happens
early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a
survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of
them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under
50. 2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger
women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of
inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays
because their breast tissue is denser. 3 Researchers at
the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more
than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s
cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of
extra cancers this would cause. 4 The mathematical model
recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted
that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of
them fatal. The model preferred by the LIN Scientific Committee on the Effects
of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5
The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not
very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are
discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300
and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from
radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50
instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of
their study, they suggest, could help "optimise the technique" for breast cancer
screening. 7 "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic
benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB.
But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of
the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there
is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be
minimised in any screening programme." Radiation exposure should be ______.