SECTION A
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. while listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but yon will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. when the lecture is over, yon will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.
ANSWER SHEET ONE
Seven Types of Evidence
It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can’t persuade anybody of anything. Usually seven types of evidence are used.
Ⅰ. Expert Testimony
Expert testimony is useful because it comes from somebody with special knowledge
and has been tested by others.
There are three kinds of expert testimony:
facts, informed opinions, and 1 1. _____
The first two can be safely used in your writing, but the third may be dangerous,
because they are just what is possibly true.
Ⅱ. 2 2. _____
This refers to data that can reveal some information. Strong evidence of this type should
be valid, accurate, and 3 3. _____
Ⅲ. Example
Examples are widely used in our daily life.
Examples can serve three purposes. First, clarify meaning. Second, provide reason
for justification. Third, 4 4. _____
Ⅳ. Personal Experience
Writer can use his own experience to support an argument. But if the experience is 5 ,
5. _____
the argument will not be very forceful.
Ⅴ. Analogy
Analogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilar things.
Analogy can make unfamiliar topics 6 , but it is not enough to prove anything.
6. _____
Ⅵ. Known Facts
Known facts are facts that are known to 7 7. _____
They can be used as a type of evidence.
Ⅶ. Logic and Reasoning
Logic and reasoning may be used in two situations. One, 8 is not available.8. _____
Two, the writer wants to strengthen the persuasiveness of his factual evidence.
Ⅷ. Three Criteria for Good Evidence:
1. relevant
2. 9 9. _____
3. 10 10. _____